![]() ![]() ![]() MicroRNAs play a fundamental but significant role in cellular functions. The prospect of miRNAs as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in a clinical setting is significant as more evidence points towards a central role of miRNAs in cancer development and progression. In this review, we summarize the research advancements of using miRNAs as circulating biomarkers in cancers. For example, deregulations in miRNAs expression have been identified to play a role not only in major cancers like lung, breast and prostate but also in rare cancers like waldenstrom macroglobulinemia and cholangiocarcinoma. Particularly, miRNA deregulation in various cancer types has been extensively studied. In recent years, miRNAs have been identified to play an important role in many physiological and pathological conditions. The major role of miRNAs appears to be in acting as crucial switches in regulating posttranscriptional gene expression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding small RNAs (18-24 nucleotides), which are endogenously stable and evolutionarily conserved molecules. Keywords: microRNA serum biomarkers cancer diagnostic and prognostic markers The prospect of miRNAs as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers with clinical applications is significant as more evidence points to their central role in cancer pathobiology. This review summarizes the recent developments in methods to detect and quantitate miRNAs in body fluids and their applications as biomarkers in cancers. The identification of miRNAs as biomarkers provides possibilities for development of less or non-invasive and more specific methods for monitoring tumor growth and progression. Recently, there have been significant developments in understanding miRNA biogenesis, their regulatory mechanisms and role in disease process, and their potential as effective therapies. Received: 15 November 2012 in revised form: 28 December 2012 /Accepted: 14 January 2013 / Published: 16 January 2013Ībstract: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules, which in recent years have emerged to have enormous potential as biomarkers. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed E-Mail: Tel.: 61 Fax: 61. Kartha and Subbaya Subramanian ' '*ġĝivision of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA E-Mail: of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA E-Mail: Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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